For the world's richest man, running a business empire is not enough.
Elon Musk, owner of some of the world's most prominent technology companies, including carmaker Tesla, social media platform X and aerospace company SpaceX, has also emerged as a visible player in politics.
As the US prepares to elect a new president in November, Musk has thrown his support behind the Republican candidate and former President Donald Trump, who has promised Musk a leadership role in an administration if he is reelected.
Musk has regularly been using the influence he wields through his companiesto weigh in on political debates in countries around the world, from Brazil to Germany.
The 53-year-old's intervention in politics, unprecedented in its openness and visibility, highlights how a few private tech companies and their executives hold increasingly unchecked power over decisions traditionally reserved for governments, digital rights experts warn.
"The kinds of technologies Musk operates are highly critical, and the companies he owns are incredibly influential and positioned at key junctures in terms of access to information and geopolitics," said Marietje Schaake, a fellow at Stanford University's Cyber Policy Center and author of The Tech Coup: How to Save Democracy from Silicon Valley.
"And Musk isn't just running these companies to maximize their success," Schaake, a former member of the European Parliament for the Dutch liberal Democrats 66 party, told DW. "He's also using them as tools for his own geopolitical agenda."
From self-proclaimed ‘moderate' to right-wing hardliner
Since founding his first company in the mid-1990s, South African-born entrepreneur has built a string of successful businesses and amassed an estimated fortune of more than $243 billion (€224 billion).
His talent for growing startups into leading technology companies has also given him increasing control over critical digital infrastructure and gradually helped expand his political influence.
Today, the US space program NASA relies on Musk's astronautics company, SpaceX, to launch satellites. SpaceX subsidiary Starlink delivers broadband internet to some of the most remote places in the world and has become an indispensable tool for militaries in conflict zones from Ukraine to Gaza.
With his acquisition of X, previously Twitter, in 2022, Musk also gained control over one of the most influential social media platforms.
At the same time, the entrepreneur, who once identified as a "moderate" on the political fringes, has increasingly aligned himself with hardline conservative positions, openly opposing left-leaning ideals he now views as detrimental to society's future.
Breaking with tradition
Musk's political involvement reached new heights in the buildup to the US election in November. After an assassination attempt in mid-July, Musk publicly endorsed Trump. Between July and mid-October this year, Musk contributed nearly $119 million to a super PAC supporting Trump, according to campaign finance reports.
Earlier this week, he drew attention by offering cash incentives to registered voters in seven swing states to sign a petition. Every day until the election, one signatory is selected at random and awarded one million dollars.
Such overt political involvement is unusual among US business elites. "The relationship between Musk and Trump brings into the open a level of influence that most business moguls prefer to keep under the radar," Schaake said. "Musk's actions seem to reflect that he believes he can do whatever he wants," she added, referring to Musk'y repeated attempts to insert himself into other countries' political debates.
What if Trump wins?
What's becoming evident is that these efforts are also aimed at positioning Musk for greater access and influence if Trump is reelected in November.
"It's well-imaginable that he's going to want certain commitments from Trump on foreign policy as it relates to his businesses," Schaake said.
A first glimpse of this potential influence was offered in late September: Trump's running mate, JD Vance, suggested that the US might reconsider its support for NATO if the European Union moved forward with regulations targeting social media platforms, specifically Musk's X. The EU is currently investigating X for potential violations of new online platform regulations, which could lead to substantial fines.
This concentration of power over critical digital infrastructure poses to a risk to democracy, cyber policy expert Schaake warned.
"Musk is unpredictable; his positions can change overnight," she said. "And when someone who controls significant products and infrastructure changes his mind, the consequences are also significant."
